附 注
1 Review of the World Situation as it Relates to the Security of the United States, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA 1, 26 September 1947, Copy No. 23, declassified.
2 Gentry, Kurt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. W. W. Norton & Company 1991. p. 442. ISBN 0-393-02404-0.
3 NKVD is short for the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs. It was the Soviet's law enforcement agency primarily during Stalin's era, and was best known for running the Gulag, conducting mass executions, forcing mass deportations, committing espionage and political assassinations abroad.
4 See John Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, Yale University Press, 2009, 704 pages, ISBN: 9780300123906.
5 Schecter, Jerrold L. (2003), Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History, Potomac Books, p. 122, ISBN 1-57488-522-7.
6 FBI Memorandum Mr. Ladd to J. Edgar Hoover, “To advise you the positive identification of agent Jurist (the cover name of a Soviet agent operating in 1944 and named by Venona project) as Harry Dexter White, deceased. White was formerly the Administrative Assistant to former Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau.” October 16, 1950, FBI Venona file pp. 17-18.
7 Venona Project is one of many code names for a long-running effort by the U.S. and the U.K. to decipher Soviet coded messages intercepted primarily during World War II. The project's materials were released in 1995 and supported evidence already gathered involving several high-profile spy cases. The program ran from 1943 until 1980.
8 WCS notation on a file copy of “The Story of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.”
9 FBI Memorandum, L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson, April 6, 1945; and, Inspection Report from SAC R.B. Hood dated July 16, 1946, “Agent Skousen makes an excellent personal appearance. He dresses in a neat and conservative manner and has an affable personality He also makes numerous speeches on behalf of the Bureau, for which he has received numerous letters of commendation. He makes an excellent Bureau representative. Status: Excellent.”
10 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, entry undated but located in 1998-Jan-Mar binder.
11 The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, Athan G. Theoharis, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.
12 From a speech by W. Cleon Skousen at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 1967, “The Naked Communist,” the History and Philosophy of Socialism Today.”
13 W. Cleon Skousen, Peppperdine College Freedom Forum, April 13, 1960.
14 Ibid.
15 John Meroney, Olivia de Havilland Recalls her Role—In the Cold War, Wall Street Journal, September 7, 2006.
16 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, December 28, 2002, reflections on Skousen's FBI career.
17 Crismon Lewis interview of W. Cleon Skousen, 1998; ibid. Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, 1998.
18 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, January 28, 1948, mentions speaking in behalf of Mr. R. B. Hood on espionage and crime in light of the growing Communist menace in America. Audience was 400 guests at the Jewish Men's Club of the Wilshire Hebrew Temple, the largest and wealthiest group of Jews outside of New York. Afterwards, “nearly all of those present came by to shake my hand.”
19 Crismon Lewis interview, op. cit., 1998.
20 Ibid.
21 J. Edgar Hoover to William E. Fort, Jr., March 20, 1962.
22 J. Edgar Hoover to W. Cleon Skousen, January 6, 1959. Hoover laments,“I, too, am sorry that your schedule did not permit you to drop by my office—it would have indeed been a pleasure to have had the opportunity of talking to you.”
23 Dozens of examples citing Skousen as “one of my administrative assistants” were mailed from Mr. Hoover to prospective audiences announcing Skousen as his substitute. For example, in Hoover to Mr. Bernard Batty, dated March 20, 1944, “... I am very happy to suggest Mr. W. Cleon Skousen, one of my administrative assistants. Mr. Skousen makes an excellent speech ... Sincerely yours, J. Edgar Hoover.” WCS Journals, 1944.
24 J. Edgar Hoover to J. Willard Marriott, May 7, 1958. See FBI personnel file on W. Cleon Skousen
25 Crismon Lewis interview, op. cit., 1998
26 Crismon Lewis interview, op. cit, 1998; see also W. Cleon Skousen, “J. Edgar Hoover As I Knew Him”; see also Behind the Scenes, The Freemen Institute, November 1979.
27 A copy of the first 17 chapters, with title page, resides in Skousen's files.
28 W. Cleon Skousen, “My Reply to Dr. Richard D. Poll and His Critique of The Naked Communist,” self-published.
29 Monroe Stearns, editor, Prentice-Hall, Inc. to W. Cleon Skousen, May 26, 1955.
30 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, December 28, 2002.
31 W. Cleon Skousen to William C. Sullivan, December 30, 1957, written in response to a cordial Christmas greetings letter from Sullivan to Skousen, December 16, 1957.
32 For example, Sullivan to Skousen, September 11, 1958, provides Stalin quotes more accurately translated than those Skousen originally used. See the Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, 1958.
33 Cecil B. DeMille to W. Cleon Skousen, April 10, 1958.
34 W. Cleon Skousen to Jerry L. Rowley, January 20, 1966.
35 Skousen sent a leather-bound copy with the inscription, “March 18, 1958, To John Edgar Hoover, Whose wisdom, loyalty and integrity have powerfully bolstered this nation and the thinking of its people for nearly two generations. Please accept a copy of this volume as an expression of my deep admiration for you both as a person and as the leader of the great American institution you have built. Sincerely, [signed] W. Cleon Skousen.”
36 J. Edgar Hoover to W. Cleon Skousen, April 2, 1958.
37 J. Edgar Hoover to W. Cleon Skousen, May 21, 1959.
38 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, 1958-1961.
39 Skousen said Stanley Tracy “was the immediate assistant to Mr. Hoover for many years. I worked closely with him on a number of important projects for the Director When I wrote the Naked Communist he was one of the first FBI officials to give it a warm endorsement.” Journals of W. Cleon Skousen 1998-Jan-Mar binder.
40 Paul Harvey to W. Cleon Skousen, October 7, 1958.
41 Samuel C. H. Ling to W. Cleon Skousen, December 1, 1958.
42 Dr. George K. C. Yeh to W. Cleon Skousen, October 8, 1958.
43 George E. Sokolsky, These Days newspaper column, January 14, 1959.
44 Ronald Reagan to Mrs. John Mathias, February 19, 1964, op. cit, WCS Journals, 1964.
45 Look Magazine, March 13, 1962.
46 Congressional Record—Appendix, pp. A34-A35, January 10, 1963, Current Communist Goals, Extension of Remarks of Hon. A. S. Herlong, Jr. of Florida in the House of Representatives.
47 FBI Memorandum, A. H. Belmont to L. V. Boardman, April 8, 1958, ref. 67-69602.
48 Visit to the CIA headquarters building, May 1986, with son Paul B. Skousen.
49 Patricia Cohen, “Leftist Scholars Look Right At Last, And Find A History,” The New York Times, April 18, 1998.
50 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, 1948-49.
51 Los Angeles Mirror, October 17, 1961.
52 W. Cleon Skousen to Eric N. Skousen, October 19, 1961.
53 FBI Memorandum, William C. Sullivan to A. H. Belmont, January 2, 1963
54 FBI Memorandum, M. A. Jones to Mr. DeLoach, August 10, 1964.
55 Ibid.
56 W. Cleon Skousen to J. Edgar Hoover, June 12, 1962.
57 Crismon Lewis interview, op. cit., 1998.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 TIME Magazine, April 4, 1960.
61 FBI Memorandum, C. D. DeLoach to Mr. Mohr, March 31, 1960.
62 William C. Sullivan, assistant director at the FBI and personal friend, wrote, “There is not the slightest doubt in my mind that being a man of principles and ideals, with your courage to adhere to them, you have run afoul of opposing forces of the world.” William C. Sullivan to W. Cleon Skousen, April 4, 1960, WCS Journals 1960.
63 Journals of W. Cleon Skousen 1960-1961: Angry crowds left a burning cross on Lee's lawn with “Lee, you are a fool”; TIME Magazine wrote that Lee was “beyond doubt the most unpopular man in town,” April 4, 1960.
64 J. Bracken Lee to Education Information, Inc., August 16, 1960. All administrative staff rejected Mayor Lee's charges. The daughter of one secretary was paid by Skousen to do some typing for him, but she was not a city employee. Journals of W. Cleon Skousen, 1960.
65 See, for example, Dennis L. Lythgoe, Let ‘Em Holler A Political Biography of J. Bracken Lee, Utah State Historical Society, 1982.
66 JoAnn Jacobsen-Wells, “J. Bracken Lee, at 83, Still Pulls No Punches,” Salt Lake Tribune, August 10, 1981.
67 See Rudger Phelps, “J. Bracken Lee's Biggest Political Blunder” 1961.
68 Police Mutual Aid Magazine, April 1960; Gunsmoke, April 1960.
69 Journals of Paul B. Skousen, 1985-1988.
70 Wilson, Edmund, To the Finland Station, pp. 217-218.
71 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 209-308.
72 Wilson, Edmund, To the Finland Station, p. 115.
73 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 383-384.
74 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 157-158.
75 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 202-204.
76 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 248-249.
77 Ruhle, Otto, Karl Marx, pp. 262.
78 Engels, Friedrich, Ludwig Feuerbach, International Publishers, New York, 1934, p. 31.
79 Conze, E., Dialectical Materialism, London, N.C.L.C Society, 1936, p. 35.
80 For an extended discussion of this problem see The Philosophy of Communism, by Dr. Charles McFadden, pp. 177-184.
81 李达主编，《唯物辩证法》大纲，第211-240页，人民出版社，2010年。
82 李秀林等主编，《辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理》第五版，第187-190页，人民大学出版社，2004年。
83 Engels Friedrich Anti-Duhring, p. 138.
84 李秀林等主编，《辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理》第五版，第190页，人民大学出版社，2004年。
85 For an extended discussion of this problem see The Philosophy of Communism, by Dr. Charles McFadden, pp. 193-194.
86 《地球面临第六次大灭绝危及人类生存文明延续》，BBC中文网，2020年6月2日。
https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/science-52891972
87 Quoted by V. I. Lenin in Materialism and Empiro-Criticism, p. 125.
88 Engels, Friedrich, Anti-Duhring, p. 79.
89 《惠虎宇：中共意识形态之理性批判（11）》，大纪元新闻网，2018年6月15日。
https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/18/6/15/n10486200.htm
90 西汉初年淮南王刘安和门客共同編著，《淮南子·天文训》：道曰规，道始于一，一而不生，故分而为阴阳，阴阳合和而万物生。
https://ctext.org/huainanzi/tian-wen-xun/zh
91 李秀林等主编，《辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理》第五版，第173-176页，人民大学出版社，2004年。
92 McFadden, Charles J., The Philosophy of Communism, p. 50; see also C. Porter, The Carbon Compounds, p. 10.
93 李达主编，《唯物辩证法》大纲，第262页，人民出版社，2010年。
94 李秀林等主编，《辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理》第五版，第177页，人民大学出版社，2004年。
95 Engels, Friedrich, Anti-Duhring, pp. 78, 85.
96 Engels, Friedrich, Anti-Duhring, p. 18.
97 达尔文，《物种起源》，第197页，商务印书馆，1997年。
98 达尔文，《物种起源》，第202页，商务印书馆，1997年。
99 纪录片《揭开生命的奥秘》，Illustra Media。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roU1SCxcvvk
100 ERRY BERGMAN, PH.D.Ernst Chain: Antibiotics Pioneer. TUESDAY, APRIL 01, 2008.
https://www.icr.org/article/ernst-chain-antibiotics-pioneer
101 Sir Isaac Newton. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. 1728. p. 504-505.
https://redlightrobber.com/red/links_pdf/Isaac-Newton-Principia-English-1846.pdf
102 Karl Marx, Poverty of Philosophy, pp. 152-153.
103 Selected Essays of Marx, p. 16.
104 Joseph Stalin, Leninism, Vol. 1, p. 387.
105 Quoted in Congressional Record, Vol. 77, pp. 1539-1540.
106 Friedrich Engels, quoted in the Handbook of Marxism, p. 249.
107 V.I. Lenin, Religion, p. 47.
108 Quoted by Gabriel M. Roschini in his article, “Contradictions Concerning the Status of Women in Soviet Russia,” which appears in The Philosophy of Communism, by Giorgio La Pira and others, Fordham University Press, New York, 1952, pp. 97-98.
109 Outchit Gazeta, October 10, 1929. Quoted by Charles J. McFadden in The Philosophy of Communism, pp. 292-293 and note.
110 Lenin, V. I., Religion, p. 47.
111 William Z. Foster, Syndicalism, p. 9.
112 Marx-Engels, Communist Manifesto, p. 12.
113 J.E. LeRossignol, From Marx To Stalin, pp. 152-153.
114 章天亮，《中华文明史》上册，第5-10页，飞天大学出版社，2022年。
115 丁抒，《阳谋：反右运动始末》修订本，第七章和第十八章，香港《开放》杂志社，2007年；《反右研究文集》，第176页、187-188页，劳改基金会 & 中国信息中心，2008年。
116 马克思、恩格斯，《共产党宣言》（1848年）。
https://www.marxists.org/chinese/marx/01.htm
117 Ralph E. Blodgett, Comparative Economic Systems, p, 735.
118 V.I. Lenin, Imperialism: The State and Revolution, p. 187.
119 E. Burns, Handbook of Marxism, p. 745.
120 Related by Thomas J. Shelly, instructor in Economics and History, Yonkers High School, Yonkers, New York.
121 From a letter of Andrew D. White dated at Berlin, Nov. 9, 1885, in the White Collection, Cornell University.
122 William Bradford, History of Plymouth, pp. 160-162.
123 请参阅下册附录“什么是自由市场资本主义？”
124 Final Report of the Subversive Activities Control Board, April 1953, p. 208.
125 Excerpts from the report of the House Committee on Un-American Activities to the 76th Congress, January 3, 1939, pp. 18-21.
126 Chambers, Whittaker, Witness, p. 164.
127 Chambers, Whittaker, Witness, p. 229.
128 Elizabeth Bentley, Out of Bondage, pp. 173-174.
129 In 1951 he wrote a book on American Imperialism and on page 220 declared: “The USSR, the People's Democracies, and China lead the world struggle for peace.”
130 This chapter in Stalin-Hitler relations is discussed by General Krivitsky in his book, In Stalin's Secret Service.
131 Speech of Harry Hopkins quoted in Roosevelt and Hopkins, by Robert E. Sherwood, p. 588.
132 A rather complete summary of Communist infiltration of the United States Government is contained in the book of James Burnham, The Web of Subversion, John Day Company, New York, 1954
133 The Report of the Royal Canadian Commission, p. 663.
134 Life magazine, August 30, 1948, p. 94.
135 U.S. News & World Report, April 1, 1955, p. 41, in an article entitled: “U.S. Was Warned of Soviet Double Cross.”
136 U.S. News & World Report, April 1, 1955, p. 40.
137 U.S. News & World Report, December 10, 1954, p. 29, in an article entitled: “Six Weeks That Shaped History.”
138 The U.N. Today, H.W. Wilson Company, New York, 1954, p. 198.
139 See the Report of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, January 3, 1939, pp. 18-21.
140 Report of the Royal Commission of Canada, p. 655.
141 Report by the Continental News Service, November 8, 1946, and quoted in The Communist Threat to Canada, Ottawa, 1947, pp. 10-11.
142 James F. Byrnes, “Speaking Frankly,” Harpers, New York, 1947.
143 For a rather full report by this official who saw the fall of China see Fifty Years In China, by John Leighton Stuart, Random House, New York, 1955.
144 See Report of the McCarren Committee To the Senate, p. 1049 and also Report of the Hearings on Philip Jessup’s Nomination, pp. 714-721. For Budenz’s testimony, see Report of the McCarren Committee To the Senate, p. 148.
145 A full article on this theme appeared in the New York Daily Compass, July 17, 1949.
146 The role of the FBI is well presented in The FBI Story, by Don Whitehead, Random House, 1956.
147 U.S. News & World Report, “Socialists Sour on Socialism,” July 8, 1955, p. 48.
148 台湾政治学术期刊《问题与研究》第十四卷第十九期
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/http://wenti.nccu.edu.tw/upload/%E8%98%87%E4%BF%84%E8%88%87%E5%8C%AA%E5%85%B1%E7%AB%B6%E7%9B%B8%E8%B5%A4%E5%8C%96%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80.pdf
149 Article in Pravda, May 5, 1955, by Major General D. Korniyenko.
150 Quoted by Joseph Z. Kornfeder who was a student at the school. In a letter to Dr. J.D. Bales of Harding College dated March 7, 1961, Mr. Kornfeder said: “Enclosed is a copy of the quote you asked for. It is part of what he (Manuilsky) said to a group of senior Lenin School students at a conference held in Moscow, March, 1930, at which I, as one of the students, was present.”
151 The Crimes of Khrushchev, House Committee on Un-American Activities, September 1959, Part 2, pp. 1-2.
152 The Crimes of Khrushchev, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1959, Part 3, p. 12.
153 “How a Free Nation Was Killed,” U.S. News & World Report, November 16, 1956, p. 94.
154 Preamble of the U.N. Charter.
155 The Bang-Jensen case is treated fully in a recent book, Betrayal At the U.N., by DeWitt Copp and Marshall Peck, Devin-Adair, 1961.
156 “Russia’s Growth Under Communism Less Rapid,” by Dr. Warren Nutter, U.S. News & World Report, November 2, 1959, p. 75.
157 “Russian Plan Cuts Down Schooling,” U.S. News & World Report, October 3, 1959.
158 “Why Russia Is in Trouble,” U.S. News & World Report, February 25, 1955, p. 58.
159 “Russ Admit 50 Percent Drop in Farm Output,” Los Angeles Examiner, January 11, 1961.
160 The Crimes of Khrushchev, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1959, Part 1, p. 3.
161 The Crimes of Khrushchev, House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1959, Part 1, p. 3.
162 “U-2 Making the Points,” Newsweek June 12, 1960, p. 38.
163 “Arms Chief Weighs U-2 Future,” U.S. News & World Report, June 27, 1960, p. 45.
164 “The World's Big Spy Game,” U.S. News & World Report, May 23, 1960, p. 47.
165 Congressional Record, April 29, 1954, p. 5708.
166 Paris Report of Hilaire Du Berrier, September 1960, p. 1.
167 The four speeches of Senator Thomas A. Dodd have been published in a pamphlet by the Government Printing Office. It is called The Crisis in the Congo (1961).
168 Thus far the best political history on Fidel Castro is Red Star Over Cuba, by ex-Communist Nathaniel Weyl, Devin-Adair, 1960.
169 Alberto Nino, Antecentes y Secretos del 9 de Abril, Editorial Pax, Bogota, 1949, p. 77.
170 Nathaniel Weyl, Red Star Over Cuba, p. 33.
171 U.S. Department of Commerce Report, Investments in Cuba, p. 184.
172 Nathaniel Weyl, Red Star Over Cuba, p. 157.
173 Pravda, Moscow, February 29, 1960.
174 The New York Times, April 22, 1959, “Fear of Red's Role in Castro Regime Alarming Havana.”
175 Nathaniel Weyl, Red Star Over Cuba, p. 180.
176 本节内容，主要引自《愚蠢的核弹：古巴导弹危机新史》（[美]沙希利‧浦洛基著，孙宁、王梓诚翻译，广东人民出版社，2024年）；同时参考了《午夜将至：核战边缘的肯尼迪、赫鲁晓夫与卡斯特罗》（[美]迈克尔‧多布斯著，陶泽慧、赵进生译，社会科学文献出版社，2015年），和《冷战：从两强争霸到全球冲突》第十一章（文安立著，陈柏旭、林书媺译，联经出版公司，2023年。）
177 本章内容，除专门标注部分外，主要参考了罗伯特‧瑟维斯著，周方茹译，《冷战的终结》，社会科学文献出版社，2021年；小杰克‧马特洛克著，张敏谦等译，《苏联解体亲历记》第四章，上海三联文化出版社，2021年；沙希利‧浦洛基著，宋虹译，《大国的崩溃：苏联解体的台前幕后》，四川人民出版社，2017年。
178 文安立，《冷战：从两强争霸到全球冲突》，第十四章，联经出版公司，2023年。
179 沈志华主编，《中苏关系史纲》（第3版）第四篇第二章第一节，社会科学文献出版社，2016年。
180 Ronald Reagan, Republican National Convention Acceptance Speech, 1980, The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/republican-national-convention-acceptance-speech-1980
181 沈志华主编，《中苏关系史纲》（第3版）第四篇第二章第二节，社会科学文献出版社，2016年。
182 National Security Decision Directive no.75, "U.S. Relations with the USSR", 17 January 1983.
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-75.pdf
183 The Reagan Diaries, e-book, p32, HarperCollins Publishers, May 2007.
184 Pope stared down Communism in homeland - and won, CBC News Online, April 2005.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080630153609/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html
185 Hedrick Smith, REAGAN'S GAFFE, The New York Times, Aug. 16, 1984.
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/16/world/reagan-s-gaffe.html
186 Foreign Relations of the United States 1981–1988, Volume V, Soviet Union, March 1985–October 1986, p698, 700-702.
187 Defence: MT letter for President Reagan, p1-4, 1986 Feb 11,Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/200455
188 John M. Goshko, Spy Game Occupies U.N. Again, The Washington Post, March 15, 1986.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/03/16/spy-game-occupies-un-again/9b567ef9-b719-4525-b312-c4a1287323a2/
189 联合国国际切尔诺贝利灾难纪念日背景信息。
https://www.un.org/zh/observances/chernobyl-remembrance-day/background
190 History.com Editors, Chernobyl, April 24, 2018.
https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/chernobyl
191 Pavel Podvig, Did StarWars Help End the ColdWar? Soviet Response to the SDI Program, Science & Global Security, Science & Global Security 25, no. 1 (2017): 3-27
https://scienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/2017/01/did_star_wars_help_end_the_col.html
192 U.S. Memorandum of Conversation, Reagan-Gorbachev, First Meeting, 11 October 1986.
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB203/Document09.pdf
193 Tom LeCompte, The Notorious Flight of Mathias Rust, Smithsonian Magazine, July 2005.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/the-notorious-flight-of-mathias-rust-7101888/
194 文安立，《冷战：从两强争霸到全球冲突》第十一章，联经出版公司，2023年11月。
195 Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin, June 12, 1987, Ronald Reagan
Presidential Library & Museum.
https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/remarks-east-west-relations-brandenburg-gate-west-berlin
196 Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Elimination Of Their Intermediate-Range And Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty), the U.S. State Department.
https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/trty/102360.htm
197 沈志华主编，《一个大国的崛起与崩溃》“从修补到重构：戈尔巴乔夫政治新思维的形成、发展与实践”第二节，社会科学文献出版社，2013年。
198 沈志华主编，《一个大国的崛起与崩溃》“苏联文化政策：从列宁到戈尔巴乔夫”第五节，社会科学文献出版社，2013年。
199 《柏林墙30周年：撼动世界格局的1989年》，BBC中文网，2019年11月7日。
https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-50335418
200 冯客，《独裁者养成之路：八个暴君领袖的崛起与衰落》第七章，联经出版有限公司，2021年2月。
201 沈志华主编，《一个大国的崛起与崩溃》“从修补到重构：戈尔巴乔夫政治新思维的形成、发展与实践”第二节，社会科学文献出版社，2013年。
202 Ronald Grigor Suny, Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989, The Nation, October 28, 2009.
https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/empire-falls-revolutions-1989/